Tuesday, February 28, 2012

O-Journalism

O-Journalism

8 common mistakes when writing for the web – and what to do about them

Posted: 28 Feb 2012 01:12 AM PST
Image of post it notes by Anselm23 on Flickr
Image by Anselm23 on Flickr

Here is a checklist covering 8 mistakes made repeatedly by first-time web writers, which I’ve put together for one of my classes. The idea is simple: if you answer ‘No’ to any of these, carry on to the accompanying guidance that follows underneath.

Checklist: are you doing the following?

  1. Getting straight to the most newsworthy, interesting piece of information in your first par?
  2. Linking to your source whenever you refer to a piece of information/fact?
  3. Linking phrases (e.g. "a report") NOT putting in full URLs (e.g. "http://university.ac.uk/report"?
  4. Indenting quotes by using the blockquote option?
  5. Using brief pars – starting a new one for each new point?
  6. Using a literal headline that makes sense in search results and includes key words that people might be looking for, NOT general or punny headlines
  7. Splitting up your article with subheadings?
  8. Ending your post with a call to action and/or indication of what information is missing or what will happen next?

Solving it: 1. The first par

When you write the first draft of an article some people begin with a 'warming up' paragraph. Here's a classic example:

"On Tuesday 14th February 2012, we went to the office of Bob Jones, for a brief discussion with a colleague…"


Ask yourself this: does your first par tell us anything new? Does it grab the reader and promise more? If it does neither then it needs rewriting.

Here are some examples of cutting to the key facts:

"A vice chancellor who sparked a political storm over his views on the social mix of degree students has been appointed England’s new university access tsar."

Or, when your focus is an interview or guest post:

"Attempts to block the appointment of the new head of Offa, and changes to the tuition-fee regime, make higher education policy resemble an Alice-in-Wonderland world, says Mike Baker"

Or:

"A new London park, 70,000 volunteers, a home crowd spurring on British athletes… Sebastian Coe tells Emma Brockes why the 2012 Olympics are worth the money"

You can even start with the most colourful and attention-grabbing information gained in the interview, like so:

"If in February 1941 the commander of the German battlecruiser Gneisenau had decided to steam off and leave Peter Coe to his fate in an open lifeboat in the North Atlantic, the world might never have taken delivery of his son, Sebastian."

In short, if your paragraph is warming up, chop it out entirely – and look at each paragraph to see which one is the best to start with. If your article is trying to cover more than one basic angle, consider splitting it into two separate, shorter, posts.

Don't tell us how you got here

Another common mistake is to tell us about how you got to this point:

"At first I had this idea, and then X happened, and I realised Y, so I decided to write about what I’m about to write.”

Remember the reader doesn't care how you got to this point – unless it's a stunning story in itself. So cut to the chase instead:

"Here's a list of some of the most informative and expert Twitter users in school sports"

Solving it: 2. and 3. Linking to your sources – and linking phrases, not URLs

Any mention of any information that you haven't gathered in its raw form yourself should include a link to the source. For example:

"According to the Higher Education Funding Council for England's official website, they define "non-completion" by…"

Should be linked to the source material as follows:

"According to the Higher Education Funding Council for England, they define "non-completion" by…"

Note that I've also removed "official website" – for two reasons:

  • Never link to a general homepage – always deep-link to the specific page containing the information or report you're referring to
  • The link tells us it's according to a webpage, you don't need to repeat that

Here are some more examples:

  • "In September 2011 The Telegraph reported that…"
  • "John Smith told one blog that he…"
  • "While almost half of students don't know about the policy…"
  • "Jane Jones said that"
  • "The head of teaching and learning at HEFCE is Heather Fry"
  • "Michael Gove voted in favour of"

The more links your work contains, the more value it holds for users – it's just good online journalism.

Solving it: 4. Formatting text: blockquotes, bullet lists, and subheadings

Online text is easier to read the more that it is broken up. Get to know the formatting panel just above the space where you write your post (shown below).

  • Use the quotation marks button to indent quotes.
  • Use bullet lists and numbered lists to break up your post when your content suits a list.
  • Select text and use the link button (the chain icon) to make it into a link
  • Use the 'Format' drop-down to create subheadings (Heading 2 is best – Heading 1 is used for the headline already)
  • If you're pasting text from elsewhere (always put it in quotes!) use the 'eraser' icon to strip out formatting such as font, size, colour etc. (Or better still, paste it into the HTML view so no formatting is retained)


 

Solving it: 5. Splitting pars after every point is made

Compare the following:

"Firms and charities are to be invited to bid for a payment-by-results scheme to try to get “Neet” teenagers into work or training, in a project launched by Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg. The £126m scheme is aimed at 55,000 teenagers in England with poor qualifications who are currently not in education, employment or training. Mr Clegg says it is about “getting them out of the living room, away from the telly and into the world of work”. Labour says it won’t help the majority."

And this:

"Firms and charities are to be invited to bid for a payment-by-results scheme to try to get “Neet” teenagers into work or training, in a project launched by Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg.

"The £126m scheme is aimed at 55,000 teenagers in England with poor qualifications who are currently not in education, employment or training.

"Mr Clegg says it is about “getting them out of the living room, away from the telly and into the world of work”.

"Labour says it won’t help the majority."

That's from the BBC, an exemplar of good web writing.

Try to keep pars short, and start new ones whenever a new point is being made.

Solving it: 6. and 7. Headlines and subheadings – keep them specific and literal

Imagine what your headline looks like in the middle of a bunch of search results, or on Twitter. Imagine what it looks like to someone who has never read your site before, doesn't know you, or your culture, jokes and phrases.

Here's an example of a bad headline:

Useful contacts for everyone

Again, imagine this in search engine results. Twitter contacts in what field? They're clearly not for "everyone" but something specific – in this case, the Olympics, so this is much better:

20 essential Olympics Twitter contacts

Here's one that's even worse:

An Update

This tells us nothing unless we are already following the blog – and even then, it doesn't tell us whether this is interesting or merely functional. Try this instead:

Update: unemployment up; Grayling’s 3 reasons; we want your questions!

Don't be afraid of long headlines – look at how the Daily Mail use them (extremely successfully) on their website.

Try and use key words and phrases in your headline so that search engines understand what they're about. This, for example, is bad:

Match report

This is much better:

Rooney scores 4 in Roma Champions League clash

…Because what will people be searching for? Rooney perhaps; Champions League; Roma. They might even be searching for "hat-trick" or "video". Think of how people search, and write your headline to answer that (assuming your content does too).

Subheadings

The same rules apply to subheadings. These serve two purposes: to break up your text so people can find their place in them more easily; and to help search engines understand your content.

They should therefore be mini-headlines, with keywords relevant to the pars that follow.

Solving it: 8. Ending your post – online is interactive

One of the key ways in which online journalism differs from print or broadcast is that you are not dealing with an audience: you are dealing with potential collaborators and sources who can improve your journalism with a single comment.

The traditional way of ending articles, then – implying that the story is finished and the reader can move on to what's on page 5 – does not apply.

Instead you should try to leave room for the user to contribute in some way. Here are some examples:

  • "This is the latest in a series of interviews with Olympic sponsors. You can read the rest here, and follow future updates on our Facebook page, Twitter account, and mailing list."
  • "Next week we'll be interviewing Graham Gordon on his role in the process. If you have any questions you'd like us to ask, please post a comment, or email us at…"
  • "Have we missed anything? Please let us know in the comments"
  • "What we still don't know is how much of this money reached the clubs. If you can help us find out, get in touch at…"
  • "We'll be discussing this at our next meetup at … – sign up to attend on our Meetup page."
  • "We're looking for people to contribute to the blog on this issue. If you're interested, get in touch at…"

Creating dynamic visualisations using Google Forms and Google Gadgets

Posted: 27 Feb 2012 11:11 AM PST

If you need to gather data on the ground – or want to crowdsource data through an online form – this is how you can visualise the results as they come in using 3 Google Docs tools. They are:

  • Google Forms
  • Google Docs spreadsheet
  • Google Gadgets

And here’s the process:

1. Set up your spreadsheet

  1. Log on to Google Docs and click on Create > Spreadsheet. (Sometimes it’s easier to skip this stage and click on Create > Form to create the form, which will automatically generate a spreadsheet for it too, but I’m showing the simplest way first)
  2. At the top of each column type the headers for the data you’re going to collect and visualise. The fewer columns, the more likely it is that people will fill it in (including yourself).
  3. Go to Tools > Form > Create a form…

2. Setting up a Google Form

You’ll now be presented with a wizard for editing your form. The column headers will be used as question titles, and the spreadsheet title as the form title. Now you need to do some tweaking:

  1. If this is intended to be seen by other people, edit the spreadsheet title (just click on it) and questions (hover over, and click the pencil icon on the right) so they give people a reason to respond. You should also expand on this in the form description (underneath the title)
  2. You can change the order of questions by clicking and dragging them
  3. Using questions where users can choose from a list has a number of advantages, including speed, consistency, and likelihood of response. To limit the possible responses to a question:
    • Edit it by hovering over it and then clicking the pencil icon that appears to the right.
    • Select the drop-down menu for ‘Question Type‘ and select ‘Choose from a list‘
    • Then enter the values they can choose from, and click Done.
  4. If your form is going to be public, you may want to hide particular questions. You can delete them from the form by hovering over the question and clicking on the bin icon. This will not affect your spreadsheet.
  5. You should also edit the confirmation that users get when they submit the form. You can do this by selecting ‘More actions‘ along the top right area above the form, and ‘Edit confirmation‘. Change it to something that thanks the user and points towards a page where they can find out more about the data, for example, a related story or the resulting visualisation.
  6. Click ‘Save‘.
  7. Look for ‘You can view the published form here:‘ along the bottom of your form, with a link. Email this link to yourself so you can link to it or access it elsewhere. For example, if you bookmark this on a smartphone, you can use this phone to input data as you’re researching your patch (for example, interviewing people about unreported crime or counting the numbers of closed down shops on a street).
Note that once you start creating a form, Google Docs will add a new column, ‘Timestamp’, to your spreadsheet, which shows when data was entered.
If you want to be alerted whenever any changes are made to a spreadsheet (by users, for example), go to Tools > Notification rules… and set them to your own preferences.

3. Visualising the results with Google Gadgets

Once your spreadsheet has some data on it (you or someone else, or both, have entered data using the form or the spreadsheet) you can start to publish a visualisation of the results.

You may need to add an extra column or two to calculate numbers if your data doesn’t have them – for example, to count how many entries of different types (see this on the =COUNTIF formula for how to do that) or to add up ratings or generate average scores. Make sure that your formula will still work when new rows are added – for example, refer to a whole column by using (C:C) rather than (C2:C200).

  1. Now, select the range of cells containing the data you want to visualise, and click on Insert > Gadget…
  2. Pick a suitable chart
  3. Edit the settings so it has a title, axis labels, etc.
  4. And click Apply & close

You should now have a chart on your spreadsheet.

4. Embedding the chart on another webpage

  1. Select your gadget and click on ‘Gadget‘ in the upper left corner. A drop-down menu appears giving you a number options including editing the settings, should you need to change the title, legend, etc.
  2. Select Publish gadget…
  3. A window will appear containing script you can copy and paste into webpage code, embedding the chart.

Note: this won’t work on all webpages. For example, if you have a WordPress.com blog, any script that begins with <iframe> or <script> won’t work.

That’s the final part of the process. In short, we have a Google Form, which is feeding data to a Google spreadsheet, which is feeding data to a Google gadget on a webpage.

The data won’t update automatically, but automatic updating is one of various elements of customisation of Google Gadgets that you can do if you explore some of the documentation on Google Code.

If you’ve any tips on using Google gadgets please let me know.
Posted by funjoke at

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